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The Totonacan languages ( Totonac–Tepehua languages) are a family of closely related languages spoken by approximately 290,000 Totonac (approx. 280,000) and Tepehua (approx. 10,000) people in the states of Veracruz, Puebla, and Hidalgo in Mexico. At the time of the Spanish conquest Totonacan languages were spoken all along the gulf coast of Mexico . During the colonial period Totonacan languages were occasionally written and at least one grammar was produced . In the 20th century the number of speakers of most varieties have dwindled as indigenous identity increasingly became stigmatized encouraging speakers to adopt Spanish as their main language . The Totonacan languages have only recently been compared to other families on the basis of historical-comparative linguistics, though they share numerous areal features with other languages of the Mesoamerican Linguistic Area, such as the Mayan languages and Nahuatl. Recent work suggests a possible genetic link to the Mixe–Zoque language family , although this has yet to be firmly established. ==The Totonacan family== The family is divided into two branches, Totonac and Tepehua. Of the two, Tepehua is generally considered to consist of three languages—Pisaflores, Huehuetla, and Tlachichilco—while the Totonac branch is considerably more diverse. divides Totonac into four divisions, based on : *Papantla Totonac: spoken in El Escolín, Papantla, Cazones, Tajín, Espinal, and other towns along the Gulf Coast of Veracruz. *North-Central Totonac: spoken roughly between Poza Rica in Veracruz and Mecapalapa, Pantepec, and Xicotepec de Juárez in Puebla. *South-Central Totonac: spoken mostly in the Sierra Norte de Puebla, including the towns of Zapotitlán de Méndez, Coatepec, and Huehuetla in Puebla. *Misantla Totonac: spoken in Yecuatla and other communities outside the city of Misantla. ''(Ethnologue )'' currently recognizes 12 languages in the Totonacan family, 3 Tepehua languages and 9 Totonac: : This classification is the basis of the latest version of the ISO language codes for Totonacan, although some of these classifications are disputed. The Mexican Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas (INALI) recognizes 10 distinct languages or "linguistic variants" in the family, 3 Tepehua and 7 Totonac :〔(Linguistic Variants of Mexico by Gender )〕 : Coyutla Totonac is grouped with South Central Totonac by INALI while Tecpatlán Totonac is included in the North Central Totonac group. Other recent attempts at classification have suggested that some of these divisions, particularly North Central, Costal, and South Central, and are far too broad and include varieties that might also be classified as separate languages (; ; ). A further drawback of the Ethnologue and INALI classifications is the lack of lower-level subgroups beyond the two-way division into Totonac and Tepehua. In the Totonac branch of the family, Misantla is the most distinctive, and the remaining languages form a more closely related group . Divisions amongst the latter group, which might be referred to as "Central Totonac," are unclear, though most researchers agree that there is at least a three-way division between Northern, Southern/Sierra, and Lowland/Coastal varieties (; ; ). Recent efforts at reconstruction and evidence from lexical similarity further suggest that Southern/Sierra and Lowland group together against Northern , although this is still uncertain, pending more exhaustive investigation. The most recent proposal for the family is as follows (; ): :Tepehua ::Pisaflores ::Huehuetla ::Tlachichilco :Totonac ::Misantla ::Central Totonac :::Northern Totonac ::::Upper Necaxa ::::Tecpatlán Totonac ::::Zihuateutla Totonac ::::Cerro Xinolatépetl Totonac ( Ozumatlán) ::::Apapantilla Totonac ( Xicotepec) :::Lowland–Sierra ::::Filomeno Mata ::::Lowland Totonac (many varieties, incl. Papantla) ::::Sierra Totonac ( Highland Totonac) :::::Coatepec :::::Coyutla :::::Huehuetla Totonac :::::Ozelonacaxtla :::::Olintla :::::Zapotitlán de Méndez Lexical comparison also suggests that, for Tepehua, Pisaflores and Huehuetla may be more closely related to each other than either is to Tlalchichilco . 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Totonacan languages」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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